Understanding Microplastics in Tap and Bottled Water: Science Backed Implications for Human Health

In recent years, microplastics—tiny plastic particles less than 5 millimeters in size—have become a pervasive environmental and health concern. These particles are found in various ecosystems, including oceans, rivers, and even the air we breathe. Alarmingly, they have also been detected in the human body, ingested through drinking water, both from tap sources and bottled beverages. Researchers have discovered shocking insights into the presence of microplastics in our water supply and the potential health implications of their consumption.

What Are Microplastics?

Microplastics originate from the degradation of larger plastic items or from products intentionally manufactured at a small size. They are categorized into:

- Primary microplastics: Manufactured small-sized plastics, such as microbeads in cosmetics or fibers from synthetic clothing.

- Secondary microplastics: Result from the breakdown of larger plastic debris due to environmental factors like sunlight and mechanical forces.

Microplastics in Tap Water

Studies have shown that tap water is contaminated with microplastics. For instance, a study by Kosuth et al. (2018) found that tap water contributed over 88% of the average ingestion of synthetic particles in humans, suggesting that drinking water might be a predominant contributor to microplastic ingestion.

The concentration of microplastics in tap water varies by location and water treatment processes. In some regions, the abundance of microplastics can reach up to 628 particles per liter.

Microplastics in Bottled Water

Bottled water has been found to contain microplastics as well. A study by Mason et al. (2018) reported that 93% of 259 individual bottled water samples across 11 brands were polluted by microplastics.

More recent research using advanced imaging techniques detected an average of 240,000 plastic particles per liter of bottled water, with about 90% of these being nanoplastics—particles smaller than 1 micrometer.

When water is distilled or otherwise purified to achieve a TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) reading under 10ppm, is acts as a magnet, ready to leach substances from its environment. This is how your water storage can directly impact your water quality. goh2o encourages consumers to invest in high quality, BPA free jugs or metal bottles to ensure your water stays contaminant and plastic-free.

Health Implications of Microplastic Consumption

The health effects of microplastics are still under investigation, but emerging studies suggest potential risks:

- Inflammation and Immune Response: Microplastics can trigger inflammatory responses in the body. A study by the University of California, Davis, found that mice exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics developed glucose intolerance and elevated liver enzymes, indicating liver injury.

- Organ Accumulation: Microplastics have been detected in various human organs, including the lungs, blood, gut, placenta, testes and even the brain.

- Metabolic Disorders: Evidence suggests that microplastics may disrupt glucose metabolism and insulin signaling pathways, potentially leading to conditions like diabetes.

- Kidney Function: Microplastics can accumulate in the kidneys, leading to cellular damage and inflammation.

- Cell Damage: Plastic particles have been found to invade individual cells and tissues in several major organs and systems, interfering with cellular processes and metabolism and depositing endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as  flame retardants, bisphenols, phthalates, heavy metals, and per- and polyfluorinated substances (or PFASs).

 

Reducing Exposure to Microplastics

While it may be challenging to eliminate microplastics entirely from our environment, certain measures can help reduce exposure:

- Use Alternative Containers: Opt for glass or stainless steel containers instead of plastic bottles to minimize microplastic ingestion.

- Stick to Fresh, Filtered Water: Drinking freshly filtered water can significantly reduce microplastic content. A study by Jinan University in Guangzhou found that boiling and filtering tap water reduced microplastic levels by nearly 90%.

- Limit Consumption of Bottled Water: Reducing your intake of bottled water from single use plastics can significantly decrease exposure to microplastics. Consider using reusable water bottles and refilling them with thouroughly filtered water. Fortunately, more and more brands are making the switch to aluminum, refillable bottles, as an alternative to single use plastics.

 

Conclusion

Microplastics are an emerging concern in our drinking water, with potential health implications that warrant further research. By understanding their presence and taking steps to minimize exposure, we can better protect our health and the environment.

For more information on microplastics and their impact on health, consider visiting reputable sources such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the World Health Organization (WHO).